Day: January 12, 2020

The Assignment (1-page):  The Reading  to use for both paragraphs is under the following paragraph. 

Write a short paragraph that would be considered an opinion. Write a second paragraph that would be considered a fact. Explain the differences between the two paragraphs. Explain how a reader would know if one statement is opinion and the other factual. Provide support in the research literature for the factual statement.    

                                       Study Notes What Is Critical Thinking? 

 

                                By the Walden University Writing Center Staff 

 

Critical reading and critical thinking are intertwined; one cannot quite do one without the other. Kurland (2000) noted that critical reading is about discovering information whereas critical thinking is about evaluating it. Various authors have offered different definitions of the critical-thinking process. Among the most useful definitions is the one provided by Scriven and Paul, who defined it as: 

 

the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action. In its exemplary form, it is based on universal intellectual values that transcend subject matter divisions: clarity, accuracy, precision, consistency, relevance, sound evidence, good reasons, depth, breadth, and fairness. (1987, para. 1) 

 

Another useful definition was provided by Elder (as cited in Critical Thinking Community, 2013), who defined it as self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking. It requires rigorous standards of excellence and mindful command of their use. It entails effective communication and problem-solving abilities and a commitment to overcoming our native egocentrism and sociocentrism (para. 4). Because graduate students are moving beyond being simply consumers of knowledge to learning how to make meaningful contributions to that knowledge, it is particularly important that they cultivate strong critical-thinking skills. 

 

Like critical reading, critical thinking is an active process, and with practice one can develop the skills needed to do it more effectively. According to Kurland (2000), there are six key characteristics of critical thinking: rationality, self-awareness, honesty, open-mindedness, discipline, and judgment. Rationality has to do with exercising good judgment based on logic, self-awareness with knowing ones individuality, biases, and so forth; honesty has to do with integrity and being able to be truthful about ones biases; open-mindedness is about being able to appreciate differing viewpoints; discipline is about being self-controlled and being objective; and judgment is about being able to form an opinion about something based on the information presented. Each of these characteristics can be developed. According to the Critical Thinking Community (2013), critical thinking occurs when certain standards of intellectual life are applied to the elements of reasoning. For instance, one might apply the standard of clarity to the element of purpose, the standard of significance to concepts, logicalness to points of view, accuracy to information, and so forth. 

 

By consistently applying these standards, a reader is able to develop some of the most important characteristics of a critical thinker, which include intellectual honesty, integrity, and a sense of fair-mindedness. According to Facione (1990), a critical thinker is habitually inquisitive, well informed, trustful of reason, open minded, flexible, fair minded in evaluation, honest in facing personal biases, prudent in making judgments, 

2016 Laureate Education, Inc.  Page 2 of 3  

willing to reconsider, clear about issues, orderly in complex matters, diligent in seeking relevant information, reasonable in the selection of criteria, focused in inquiry, and persistent in seeking results that are as precise as the subject and the circumstances of inquiry permit. 

 

Although developing the various characteristics of a critical thinker can appear overwhelming and unattainable, the skills can be learned, and even those with strong critical thinking skills can yet improve. Some of the benefits of critical thinking include the enhanced ability in self-reflection, the promotion of creativity, better expression of ideas, and the cultivation of flexible intellectual skills that one can apply to different areas of life.

References 

 

Critical Thinking Community. (2013). Critical thinking: Where to begin. Retrieved from 

http://www.criticalthinking.org/starting/index.cfm#2425 

Facione, P. A. (1990). Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes. 

Millbrae, CA: California Academic Press. 

Kurland, D. J. (2000). How the language really works: The fundamentals of critical 

reading and effective writing. Retrieved from 

http://www.criticalreading.com/criticalreadingthinkingtoc.htm 

Scriven, M., & Paul, R. (1987). A working definition of critical thinking. Retrieved from 

http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/defining-critical-thinking/766  

  

For this assignment, you will examine a particular case within a  special population, and then develop a broad understanding of the role  of the forensic psychologist in a correctional setting.

First, you must choose a unique case study or special population as a whole. Some examples are listed below:

• Selecting a case from the headlines such as a recent high profile  criminal case that has a clear intersection with mental health.
• Making up a case example based on your interests, prior case examples you have read, or a mixture of all of the above.
• Selecting a population as a whole that we may or may not have touched on in class including, but not limited to:

   

  • sex offenders
  • violent offenders
  • military offenders
  • women offenders
  • juvenile offenders
  • offenders with substance use issues
  • offenders with life sentences
  • high profile offenders
  • prior law enforcement who are incarcerated

After you have selected a case study, describe the particular  characteristics of the individuals population and what particular  issues they may deal with in a correctional setting. Be sure to address  the following:

• Relationships with other offenders and staff
• Possible issues with authority
• Treatment-related concerns
• Relevant research on this population and its interaction with the correctional system

Next, you will discuss different aspects of correctional settings and  how you could influence this individual or population as a forensic  psychologist. Be sure to include the following:

• Treatment options available for your particular individual or groups needs.

   

  • Include treatment options while in jail, prison, or community corrections.
  • Discuss the availability and flow of treatment as the individual or  population moves from the correctional environment to the community.
  • Be sure to discuss the efficacy of treatment options available.
• Other ways you may affect this individual as a mental health practitioner, administrator, or forensic psychology researcher.

   

  • This may include ideas for new initiatives, research, or systematic change
  • In discussing this you should identify areas where change is needed, what the issues are, and potential steps for the future

Additionally, discuss your overall impression of the mental health  services available in different correctional settings, and then evaluate  the degree to which your populations needs are met.

Finally, be sure to include how the treatment program relates to  overall rehabilitation and recidivism in the community once released.

Support your Signature Assignment with 10 resources, including those  you located as part of your annotated bibliography in Week 3.

Length: 12-15 pages

Your paper should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas  and concepts presented in the course by providing new thoughts and  insights relating directly to this topic.