Category: Government

This paper will be checked by SafeAssign so PLEASE DO NOT PLAGIARIZE!!!

You must use ATTACHMENT 1 (which is a draft paper), to re-write ATTACHMENT 2 (which is an outline for a new draft paper).

The 2 papers can be similar but they CANNOT MATCH eachother!!!

ATTACHMENT 2 as the outline has it’s own heading topics to write about so you must ensure the 2 papers are different.

ATTACHMENT 3 is the source document with the scenario and from that scenario, you must describe the concepts of MISSION COMMAND as it relates to Army Doctrine called “ADRP 6-0 which can be googled.

250 words: For this week’s forum, we will do something a little different. I want you to find an academic journal article that discusses intelligence capabilities of one of the US’ allies or a friendly international organization such as NATO or the UN. In your post, please give a brief summary of the article. After that, you can expand upon your post by evaluating the intelligence capabilities and/or the effectiveness of intelligence sharing with the US. 

Please make sure you start by listing the article and properly formatting it in CMS bibliography format.

We have been focusing upon how those at the top of terrorist groups perform leadership roles and influence various audiences (both within their organizations and to the world at large). For this research paper compare and contrast the leadership and communication techniques of former al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden with those of one other terrorist leader. Select one other terrorist leader from al Qaeda or affiliated groups such as Zawahiri, Baghdadi or Awlaki to compare and contrast with bin Ladens leadership and communication approaches. State the topic in your paper.

Ayman al-Zawahiri (al Qaeda successor of Osama bin Laden)

Gohel, S. M. (2017) Deciphering Ayman Al-Zawahiri and Al-Qaedas strategic and ideological imperatives. Perspectives on Terrorism, 11 (1). pp. 54-67. ISSN 2334-3745. Retrieved from

Ayman al-Zawahiri (2018). The Counter Extremist Project. Retrieved from  

Sude, B. (2015, September). Assessing Al-Qa`ida Centrals Resilience. Retrieved from

Council on Foreign Relations. (2011, July 14). Profile: Ayman al-Zawahiri. Retrieved from

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham [ISIS] leader)

McCants, W. (2015, September 1). The Believer. Retrieved from

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (2018). The Counter Extremist Project Retrieved from

Atwan, A. B. (2015). A Portrait of Caliph Ibrahim. The Cato Review. Retrieved from

Anwar al-Awlaki (al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula leader, online jihadist radicalizer)

Shane, S. (2017). The Enduring Influence of Anwar al-Awlaki in the Age of the Islamic State. Retrieved from

Anwar al-Awlaki (2018). The Counter Extremist Project Retrieved from

Zimmerman, K. (2010, March 12). Militant Islam’s Global Preacher: The Radicalizing Effect of Sheikh Anwar al Awlaki. Critical Threats. Retrieved from

Assignment Specifics:

• The body of your report is to be at least FOUR FULL pages in length (not counting title page and references) and is to contain the following:
• A brief (defined/ stated) introduction, with the topic and your thesis
• A main body, containing the “meat” of the paper, where you provide the requested information supported by class readings and with your analysis
• A (defined/stated) conclusion, summarizing your information clearly and concisely

Make sure you read the instructions carefully and that you focus your paper on answering the assigned questions. This assignment is , so you need to use scholarly sources to support your .  Use formal academic writing and do not use the first person such as ‘I’ or ‘my’; see the OWL site on . Make sure you use APA style  at the end of every sentence where you are quoting anothers ideas (or any information) that is not your own thoughts and words, like this (Bergen, 2015, para 14). Citations are required for paraphrases as well, but not the page or paragraph number in that case. I highly recommend you use the APUS writing guide  which can be found in the university library or at this link: . You are welcome to use supplementary sources to compliment the assigned readings based upon your research, but make sure you use only scholarly and credible sources (do not use open websites and you never want to use wikipedia for a college level paper). Also, dictionaries and encyclopedias as well as general news sites (like CNN, FOX News) are not appropriate for college level research papers. You need to use mainly scholarly and reputable academic books and journal articles. Also, see the  for good sources, as well as the  and the .

Requirements:

• Written according to the APA style and format (parenthetical in-text citation formats only; not end notes or footnotes);
• Use Times New Roman 12 point font;
• 1 inch margins on all sides with no paragraph indentation other than the first line by .5 inches 
• Double space all text (no extra lines or spaces after a paragraph or section headings and no added font sizes or lines either) 
• A respectable number of credible resources used, cited in the paper as in-text citations, and included on the reference page. A good rule of thumb is at least 2 scholarly sources per page of content (a minimum of 2 new scholarly sources per page in a research paper is acceptable). Use those academic and credible sources provided to you throughout the course, as well as other scholarly material obtained from conducting your own research. Freely utilize appropriate and reputable academic sources, summarize in your own words and cite accordingly.
• The paper must be free of typographical, spelling and grammatical errors (make sure to proof read before submission)

* Min 350 words*

Describe the evolution of the leadership and organization of the al Qaeda terrorist organization after the September 2001 terrorist attacks, including the rise of ISIS. Make sure to address psychological and behavioral factors within al Qaeda leadership and affiliate groups. 

Reply to these post Min 100 words each

1.  After reviewing the assigned readings for the week, it is apparent the evolution of leadership and organization of al Qaeda after the September 2001 evolved into much more than just the Islamic State (ISIS or ISIL).

As we are all aware, Osama bin Laden was the founder of the terrorist organization known as al Qaeda.  Following bin Ladens death in May of 2011, Ayman al-Zawahiri was identified as his successor, creating his own group, ISIS.  This group stemmed from the initial al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) but separated from al Qaeda central, which was known to be the worlds most violent jihadist terrorist group. 

While the United States has invested a substantial amount of money, time, and lives into the war in Afghanistan, it has successfully compromised al Qaedas ability to employ attacks.  However, as stated in Al-Qaedas evolution since 9/11, it has impelled the group to decentralize into regional  franchises including AQI, AQAP in Saudi Arabia and then Yemen, and AQIM in North Africa and the Sahel, and more loosely, al-Shabaab in East Africa and Boko Haram in West Africa and to focus on regional objectives. Even with the United States involvement, the terrorist organizations shifted their focus to other countries such as Africa and Syria.  After ISIS disassociated itself from al Qaeda in 2014 they managed to create a more aggressive and violent army in Syria (more so than the Syrian al Qaeda affiliate, Jabhat al-Nusra) and evolved into the most dominant jihadist group in Syria.

Osama bin Ladens son, Hamza, had risen to a leadership role, but was eventually killed by US forces in September of 2019. Hamza bin Laden was known just as his father as a charismatic leader.  He brought a sense of youth to al Qaeda that had been lacking for years prior.  Initially debuting in the world of terror during his late twenties, he enabled better recruitment utilizing social media, which ISIS had not invested a maximum effort in.  In addition to this, Zawahiri (OBLs initial successor) was an Egyptian and lacked the respect from OBLs initial followers who believed Zawahiri was worthy.  Whereas Hamza bin Laden was able to gain respect mostly due to his lineage.

2.  Over many decades, terrorist groups have either succeeded or failed in accomplishing their ideological goals. Either way, they eventually fade away, either after they achieved their purpose or after many failed attempts that cause groups to split apart from infighting. Al-Qaeda (AQ) has not met its ideological goal, nor has it had many successes. Still, it has not split asunder like others before it. Why is that? The answer lies within Osama Bin Ladens (OBL) organizational structure, where leaders ensure AQ sticks around for a long time and why it will continue to remain a significant threat today. To some, mainly the general public, AQ is not a terrifying threat when compared to the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS), which is a huge misconception. However, when the world thinks like this, it is better for AQ. Think about it, with the worlds attention focused on ISIS; AQ can slide into the shadows and recuperate, rebuild, and evolve, and that is what AQ has done.

After coming off of a victory with the Soviet Union, OBL and other leaders felt invigorated and wanted to keep their momentum going. OBL took the fight against the west, while other leaders went home to make the conflict in their own countries. After amassing and training fighters in Sudan to strengthen AQ and then moving to Afganistan in support of the Taliban against the Northern Alliance, OBLs desire grew more forceful. He knew that the only way to accomplish the goal of uniting all Muslims under a global caliph is to take the U.S. out. He planned the 9/11 attack based on a false assumption that the U.S. was weak due to its inadequate responses to the East Africa embassy bombings, the Black Hawk Down episode in Somalia, and the USS Cole attack (Inter-University Center for Terrorism Studies [IUCTS], 2017). He believed that after a successful 9/11 attack, the U.S. would tuck-tail as the Soviets had, but the quickness of the U.S.s military response after 9/11 caught him and AQ off guard (Al-Qaedas Evolution Since 9/11, 2017).

The U.S. military may have weakened AQ in its invasion, but it failed, however, to eradicate it. Former FBI Legal Attache in the Middle East, Dr. Wayne H. Zaideman, explains that AQ survives because it developed affiliates in other Muslim countries, which could still spread its ideology, fighters, and furnish assistance (IUCTS, 2017, p. 5). During the U.S. invasion, OBL became quiet and reclusive. He learned that he could not plan massive attacks anymore; he knew that counterterrorism efforts around the world had increased to hamper any other 9/11-like attack. Instead, he relied on global affiliate groups to carry AQs ideological goal across the globe while committing smaller offenses. In the years that followed 9/11, AQ amassed lots of affiliated groups. For example, al-Shabaab in Uganda and Kenya, Boko Haram in Nigeria, Jabhat al-Nusra in Syria, Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) in Yemen, and Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) in West and North Africa, to include Jamaal Islamiyah (JI) in Indonesia (Al-Qaedas Evolution Since 9/11, 2017). Through smaller attacks, these groups continue AQs global jihad.

Before the War on Terrorism, OBL met with Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the future leader of AQ in Iraq (AQI), in Afghanistan in 1999. During the meeting, OBL grew to dislike al-Zarqawi for his views on Shia Muslims. Still, against better judgment, OBL allowed the non-pledging al-Zarqawi to train a group in Herat, Afghanistan. During the U.S. invasion, al-Zarqawis group joined with AQ and the Taliban to fight until ultimately fleeing to Iran and eventually into Baghdad, Iraq, where OBL asked that he, still a non-bayat pledger, stand up AQI (Michael, 2007). Al-Zarqawis AQI became the worst threat to U.S. troops in Iraq and killed more U.S. military members than any other terrorist organization. Their attacks were brutal and were not always solely against U.S. troops; many attacks were against Shia Muslims, which did not sit well with OBL or al-Zawahiri. Al-Zarqawi grew popular in Iraq, to a point where he could have outshined OBL, and after many years of AQ leadership insisting he pledge bayat to OBL, it was during this time he finally did. However, his pledge came with demands, and OBL granted them to keep AQs ideology alive in Iraq (Michael, 2007).

Al-Zarqawi disagreed with many of OBLs strategies; he did not believe enough attention was on the Arab-Israeli conflict, Shia Muslims, or apostates and felt that too much focus was on other gulf state problems and the U.S. (Michael, 2007). His actions in Iraq against the Shiites and their shrines, and also attacks in Jordan brought discredit on AQ. Al-Zawahiri sent letters telling him to stop, OBL distanced himself from al-Zarqawi, and the U.S. ramped up its largest contingent of special ops to kill him, in which they succeeded in early June of 2006 (Michael, 2007). Al-Zarqawi primarily shaped the soon-to-be Islamic State that Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi would soon create using a new ideological goal that pitted Sunni against Shiites. After AQ denounced the group, ISIS was free to terrorize Syria and Iraq with the primary purpose of eradicating Shia Muslims.

In Chapter 7: The Environment Part II, Hite and Seitz (2016) discuss the existing tension between development and the environment. Development brings economic growth as well as social and environmental changes. To a developing country, economic growth may be of a higher priority than the consequences to the long-term health of its citizens or its environment. On the other hand, poverty can also harm the environment such as how searching for land to farm contributes to deforestation.

Do wealthy nations using the labor of developing nations have responsibilities to the people and environment of that country? Why or why not? Be sure to use examples of existing companies to support your response.

Assignment 6 – Write an essay of at least 500 words aligning the following two objectives with your topic.

Some students make the assignment more complicated than it needs to be.  Imagine the assignment in this way – there is no capstone paper, you have only been given a topic and program objectives. You then answer the question of how that topic relates to the program objectives. That is all you need to do.

1) Employ the use of risk analysis and vulnerability assessment processes

2) Critically examine the variety and extent of losses from criminal acts, natural disasters, and security breaches facing society

Please respond to the following:

1. Many social networking sites make the behavior of employees much more visible. Discuss 12 implications social networking sites have for government employees. Provide examples to justify your response.
2. Employees sometimes reveal information about their work on social networking sites. Recommend 23 policy steps an agency could adopt to help ensure incorrect, sensitive, or unauthorized information is not put on the sites by agency employees.

One of the key obstacles to implementing change at the PG County Animal Service Facility PGCASF is the lack of resources.  Currently, the budget doesn’t allow for large-scale ad campaigns or hiring a larger workforce.  However, if the stakeholders in the local community got together to reach out to the local government officials, perhaps they could get state and/or national funds allocated to this project.  As mentioned in the “Barriers to Change” article, to affect change, one has to think of organizations as “people”.  In other words, by using political pressure on local officials by showing that the stakeholders in the community (local businesses, and community residents) share their concerns about controlling the feral cat problem, the stakeholders can make real changes in “the status quo”. Feedback and learning in a strategy-focused organization not only comes from comparing actional performance to the target but should also include brainstorming on strategic issues that would enable the organization to meet and exceed targeted goals (Nnamdi, 2015).

Another barrier to change for PGCASF is for management to inspire its employees to “do more with less”.  Having all the employees on board with supporting and taking care of the Trap -Neuter -Release (TNR) program would also be the job of management at the PG County Animal Service Facility.  The management should ask their employees about how best to execute this program by having meetings on the subject (with management and employees in attendance).  Certificates of achievement could be issued to those employees who excel in this program–or even a monetary incentive or time-off awards, for example.  This would promote positive competition in the workplace and could even stimulate new ideas on how to implement this program.  Getting the staff to be more involved in the TNR program could really make organizational change happen. 

Reference

Nnamdi, O. (2015). Barriers to Organizational Change- Linkedln. Retrieved from

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Using the public policy that you chose in Topic 1 and outlined in Topic 4, create a paper to discuss the following criteria applying the six stages of public policy making. In 1,750-2,000 words, do the following:

1. Describe the public policy and the agenda setting, including why this policy was created (policy strategy) and explain how and why your policy was adopted.
2. Explain how the policy was implemented and identify the target group the policy was intended for.
3. Describe different contexts that drive the public policy and if government has been involved in any way.
4. Evaluate the impact of the policy and suggest changes or make recommendations for improving the policy.
5. Correctly identify and discuss any public relations techniques that were used to promote this public policy.
6. Describe the forces and dynamics at play in the policy formulation, adoption, and implementation process. Which forces and dynamics were most significant in the formation of the policy?

Use five to eight scholarly resources to support your explanations.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide

The outline provided is what must be used for the paper!!!