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Respond to two colleague’s post by suggesting two alternative methods for measuring their phenomenon. Explain why your suggestions have value. Please use the resources to support your answer

Colleague  1
Identify the phenomenon you would measure and explain how you conceptualize this phenomenon.

The impact of older adults receiving intervention for their suffering from the ills of ageism.

I conceptualized this phenomenon by choosing the variables I would measure.

1.The two variables are, (the impact of receiving intervention or not receiving intervention) & 2. Their (suffering or not suffering from the ills of ageism).

The older adults who receive social work intervention for ageism, will be more productive in society then those older adults who dont receive intervention.

Provide at least 3 questions you would use to measure this phenomenon and explain how these questions operationalize the phenomenon.

What interventions are utilized by social workers to prevent the impact of societal ageism for this fast-growing population of older adults?                           
What changes will occur in society when large numbers of older adults receive the intervention needed for empowerment to combat the barriers of ageism? 
How can the social worker motivate 200 older adults, to participate and complete questionnaires pertaining to their demographic location, mental health condition, economic status, and physical health condition for study on ageism?

Define reliability in 2-3 sentences and give one example of how you would establish reliability for the questions you created.

Its important that while the researcher is doing a study, the test or tool being used formulates similar results, consistently, during diverse situations, because if the results are not consistent under various conditions it will be of just about no use (Yegidis, Weinbach & Myers, 2019, p. 236).

When I conduct my research with structure and accuracy, I will utilize pretest or questionnaires more than once to show reliability (Yegidis, Weinbach & Myers, 2019, p. 231).

  Define validity in 2-3 sentences and give one example of how you would establish validity for the questions you created.

The validity is about accuracy of a research or test, I have to make sure my instruments which are pre-test and post-test for the independent variable creates the same results for what it claims to measure for validity, no matter the amount of trials  (Yegidis, Weinbach & Myers, 2019, p. 237).

I will be able to show validity for my research by creating a culturally sensitive questionnaire geared for the older adult population, about ageism and the barriers it causes.

Create a measurement plan to assess the phenomenon.
Describe the methodology you would use to collect data using your measurement tool (your method for acquiring this research data).
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of your choices.

To create my measurement plan I have to choose a sample from a quantitative research participant, I will present data as pre-test, post- test and a questionnaire for extra data, because this is research for older adults, I want it to be structured with accurate measurements.  The advantage is that I will help this population regain empowerment to be productive in society and curb ageism, the disadvantage is that some older adults are not always available or consistent for the best results because of adversities and barriers.

Reference

Yegidis, B. L., Weinbach, R. W., & Myers, L. L. (2018). Research methods for social workers (8th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. (pp. 231, 236, 237).

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Colleague 2

COLLAPSE
Working in the field Ive encountered various emotions from my clients due to their mental and physical diagnoses, but we work hard to encourage them to not let their diagnoses define who they are. The phenomenon I would measure would be anger because its often their first reaction and is often projected towards their parents and/or staff members. To conceptualize anger, I would breakdown the dynamics of what triggers this emotion, understand why its often displayed, and why do they often project anger towards parents and staff. Before engaging with the client its best to allow them time and space to calm down and get a clear understanding as to what happened. The three questions I would utilize are the following:

What caused you to become angry and why?
Why do you instantly project your anger towards those who are only trying to help?
What can you do to prevent this problem rather than choosing to act out in anger?
I feel that the questions asked can help gain clarity on what causes the person to react the way that they do and potentially help to develop positive ways for them to express themselves and get the help that they may need. Often times anger is triggered from another emotion that a person is unable to control or understand. Reliability refers to how consistently a method measures something (Middleton, 2019). If the same result can be consistently achieved by using the same methods under the same circumstances, the measurement is considered reliable (Middleton, 2019). Ill check the reliability by using the test-retest method to check the consistency patterns with each question asked. The validity of a measurement can be estimated based on three main types of evidence (Middleton, 2019). Each type can be evaluated through expert judgement or statistical methods (Middleton, 2019). Utilizing a standardized questionnaire can establish validity to gain a perspective of the common triggers of anger amongst clients. By using standardized consistent questionnaires, I can understand what causes certain reactions and why. Im able to gain understanding of the specific group of individuals to help develop coping mechanisms. The advantage of the questionnaire would be that we would have a direct cause and effect of the clients actions to trigger points and ways to prevent it. Disadvantages would be if the client is unable to explain why they become angry or chooses to answer incorrectly.

Reference

Middleton, F. (2019). Reliability vs Validity: Whats the Difference? Retrieved from

            www.scribbr.com/methodology/reliability-vs-validity/.

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Respond by Day 5 to two colleague’s post by suggesting an alternative sampling structure for their research question as well as an alternate way of selecting the sample. Please use the Learning Resources to support your answer.

Colleague 1 –
COLLAPSE
            In Week 4, the research question, How does the impact of kinship care on grandparents affect grandchildren in their care? may be structured using probability or nonprobability sampling structures. In a probability sampling structure, a proportionate stratified random sampling of 25 percent of 1000 children in a particular school district and 1000 seniors (250 children and 250 seniors) may suffice (Yegidis, Weinbach, & Myers, 2018). Strengths of a probability structure and a proportionate stratified random sampling are such that there is a likelihood any number of children and grandparents partaking in kinship care would be selected and the ratio of grandchildren to grandparents would be equal. Limitations may exist in terms of lack of diversity, especially if the sampling of participants was not taken in a culturally/ethnically/or racially diverse area. Gender may also present limitations as grandmothers and grandfathers may experience differing health issues, and differing genders in children may also respond to the impact of kinship care on their grandparents in a different manner. Additionally, random sampling would not guarantee grandparent and grandchild sampling.

            A nonprobability sampling structure would not use random selection, and may be more appropriate because, in contrast to the randomly selected participants in a probability sample, they may be excluded if they do not contribute to the understanding of the research problem (Yegidis, Weinbach, & Myers, 2018). Purposive sampling of grandchildren and grandparents could provide the unique perspectives needed to address the research problem, and it may help describe the wide variety of coping methods grandchildren use in kinship care (Yegidis, Weinbach, & Myers, 2018, p. 216). Samples could be selected from clinics and hospitals who treat grandparents with health conditions and from school counseling departments or teachers who encounter children in kinship care. This type of sampling structure appears to pose difficulty in privacy matters and overall sampling objectives. Though it may be more representative of whom the research problem is seeking to understand, it is not without serious issues in gathering participants and data.

References

Yegidis, B. L., Weinbach, R. W., & Myers, L. L. (2018). Research methods for social

            workers (8th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.

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Colleague 2

In the case of random sampling, stratified random sampling and cluster random sampling are key techniques relevant and applicable in the pre-defined research question. For example, the random cluster sampling will adopt a process of selecting participants, especially in a vast and expansive geographical area. Precisely, it will be ideal in instances where the LGBT clients, as well as the counselors, consist of multiple elements such as cities, families, or learning institutions. On the other hand, simple random sampling will adopt a random number table or a lottery system in selecting LGBT clients and counselors. Conversely, convenience sampling, as well as purposive sampling, is techniques applicable in non-probability sampling (Etikan, Musa, & Alkassim, 2016). In specific, the convenience sampling will entail the collection of data from LGBT clients and counselors from a convenient location. On the other hand, purposive sampling will select participating LGBT clients and counselors based on their knowledge of the specific population.

Section Two

To obtain an ideal sample from the rest of the population, it is imperative to identify the ideal sample that will be representing the entire population. As a result, Both LGBT clients, as well as counselors, will be considered as participants as outlined in the pre-defined research study. In the selection of the LGBT clients and counselors, the proposed research study will adopt a stratified random sampling.

Section Three

            Probability sampling and non-probability sampling are some of the common techniques that are widely applicable in empirical quantitative research studies. On the one hand, a non-probability sampling technique refers to an approach in which the odds of any member of a member selected as a sample cannot be determined through calculation (Yegidis, Weinbach, & Myers, 2017). On the other hand, probability sampling entails the technique of selecting representatives from an expansive population through a theory-based approach of probability. For instance, for a participant to be part of the sample, one has to undergo random selection. However, there are many sub-categories in both the probability as well as non-probability sampling techniques (Bacher, 2019). Some of the key merits of non-probability sampling include the time and cost-effectiveness of the technique.

Furthermore, non-probability sampling is widely applicable, particularly in instances where probability sampling is impractical. Nonetheless, lack of depth, particularly in the representation of a population, is a major demerit of non-probability sampling. As opposed to non-probability sampling, some of the notable advantages of probability sampling include simplicity as well as the non-technical aspects of the approach (Sharma, 2017). However, the fair share of its disadvantages is evident in its ineffectiveness, especially in large populations.

References

Bacher, J. (2019). Probability and Nonprobability Sampling: Representative Surveys of hard-to-reach and hard-to-ask populations. Current surveys between the poles of theory and practice.

Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American journal of theoretical and applied statistics, 5(1), 1-4.

Sharma, G. (2017). Pros and cons of different sampling techniques. International Journal of Applied Research, 3(7), 749-752.

Yegidis, B. L., Weinbach, R. W., & Myers, L. L. (2017). Research methods for social workers. Pearson.

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