Muscles Movement and Pain

There are three types of muscle tissues, namely cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. The cardiac muscle cells are situated in the walls of the heart; they look striated, falling under involuntary control. On the other hand, skeletal muscle fibers are common in muscles which are connected to the body’s skeleton (Lei, & Min, 2013). They are equally striated in their appearance and fall under voluntary control. Finally, smooth muscle fibers are found in the walls of hollow visceral organs, apart from the heart, they look spindle-shaped, and unlike skeletal muscles, they fall under involuntary control.

The hair cells of the inner ear sense linear and rotational motion; the vestibular system controls the states of balance and equilibrium, including the movement of the head (Lei, & Min, 2013). The rotational movement of the head is encrypted by the hair cells found at the base of the semicircular canals. As the movement of one of the canals takes place in an arc with the head, the internal fluid will move in the opposite direction, engenderingthe bending of the cupula and stereocilia (Lei, & Min, 2013).

Pain

Pain refers to the unpleasant feeling that is sent to the brain by sensory neurons. The discomfort indicates real or prospective body injury (Lei, & Min, 2013). The pain that the body feels can be altered by chemical signals found in the brain and the spinal cord.

Memory

Retrieval refers to the process of going back into our memory and tracing the information stored therein. For one basic reason, if information was encoded and stored and could not be retraced, it would be valueless to us (Norman, 2013). Our system encodes and store thousands of events such as sights, sounds, and conversations on a daily basis and creates memory traces. Conversely, the system later accesses only a small part of what it has taken in.

On the other hand, the simplest idea is that events that occur in our environment construct engrams via a process of known as consolidation: the changes of the neural that occur subsequently of learning to construct the memory traces of the experiences. Consolidation is therefore the processes of bringing stability to a memory trace after the first acquisition (Norman, 2013). It may probably be considered as part of the process of storage or encoding, or otherwise be thought of as a memory process in its own right.

Long Term Potentiation (LTP) refers to the method of the brain of prioritizing incoming signals (Norman, 2013). Any of the single neuron is capable of handling multitudes of inputs, antagonistic and agonistic. The agonistic signals are responsible for the depolarization of the post-synaptic cellular membrane of the neuron, thus aiding in the propagation of the incoming action potentials (Aps (Norman, 2013)). On the other hand, the antagonistic synapses are responsible for the hyperpolarization of the post-synaptic membrane, thus lessening the chance for a continuation of an AP.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

Lei, F. A. N. G., & Min, F. A. N. G. (2013). Movement pattern and sEMG characteristics of upper limb muscles during one-finger pushing manipulation operation with different forces. Journal of Medical Biomechanics, 3, 011.

Norman, D. A. (Ed.). (2013). Models of human memory. Elsevier.